The seamless integration of reference and referent constitutes an artist's repertoire of the reference code, also called the cultural code.Īs an example, the reference code is the mode of analysis that the über-critic James Wood used (in his guide book How Fiction Works and in his other review essays) in interpreting the fictional works of Leo Tolstoy and José Saramago. The entities which the symbols fashioned after them refer to the writer's referents. The rich commonsensical and supernatural beliefs and belief systems can be the text's sources and materials-the references. This appeal can be made on a text loaded with cultural references that are constantly being alluded to, elided, or inverted. The reference code, according to the French thinker Roland Barthes, is that mode of writing characterized by a confident appeal to a universal (or consensual) truth, or a body of shared cultural (or scientific) knowledge.
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